Dark Caracal Returns With GoCaracal: A New Malware Arsenal and a Smarter Way to Hide Its Command Infrastructure + Video

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Featured ImageA Familiar Threat Takes a More Sophisticated Turn

Dark Caracal appears to be evolving rather than disappearing. A June 2026 intrusion against a communications organization in Venezuela has been linked with medium confidence by Arctic Wolf Labs to the Lebanon-linked cyberespionage group, revealing a previously undocumented Go-based malware framework called GoCaracal operating alongside an updated version of the Bandook backdoor.

The campaign is notable not simply because Dark Caracal has returned to familiar hunting grounds, but because the group appears to be investing in a more modular and resilient malware ecosystem. GoCaracal can establish an initial foothold, collect information, execute commands, steal browser data, log keystrokes, search files, provide remote desktop capabilities, and even use an Ethereum smart contract as a backup mechanism for discovering new command-and-control infrastructure.

That last capability is particularly interesting. The attackers are not using Ethereum as a conventional command channel. Instead, they appear to be using blockchain infrastructure as a fallback directory for C2 addresses, potentially allowing operators to redirect infected machines without distributing another malware update.

Dark

Dark Caracal is a cyberespionage group associated with Lebanon’s General Directorate of General Security (GDGS). The group has historically been connected to campaigns targeting governments, businesses, journalists, activists, and other organizations across multiple countries.

Previous targeting has included Singapore, Cyprus, Chile, Italy, the United States, Turkey, Switzerland, Indonesia, and Germany.

The latest investigation suggests that Latin America has become another important area of interest.

Venezuela Intrusion Reveals New Malware

Arctic Wolf Labs investigated a targeted intrusion against a communications organization in Venezuela during June 2026.

Researchers assessed with medium confidence that the activity was connected to Dark Caracal based on the malware, infrastructure, delivery techniques, and similarities with the group’s established operational patterns.

The investigation uncovered two distinct GoCaracal configurations.

One is a lightweight implant designed primarily to establish access and bring additional malware into the compromised environment.

The second is an extended build designed for long-term access, intelligence collection, and interactive control.

Phishing Remains the Doorway

Despite the malware modernization, Dark

The campaign appears to rely on phishing emails using financial and tax-related themes. Victims are presented with malicious SVG attachments that eventually redirect them toward attacker-controlled infrastructure.

This is an important reminder that sophisticated espionage operations do not necessarily require sophisticated initial access techniques.

A carefully crafted financial document can still be enough to get an employee to click.

Malicious SVG Files Hide the First Stage

When a victim opens one of the malicious SVG files, embedded content directs the browser toward a shortened URL.

The redirect eventually leads to attacker-controlled infrastructure associated with getpdfdigital[.]cloud, where the victim receives a 7-Zip archive.

Inside that archive is a lightweight Go implant belonging to the GoCaracal framework.

Arctic Wolf did not recover the original phishing email or SVG attachment from the investigated intrusion. However, researchers identified more than 100 related SVG files communicating with the same malicious hosting infrastructure.

The filename themes, infrastructure, and established delivery pattern collectively support the phishing assessment.

GoCaracal Is Built for Flexibility

GoCaracal is particularly interesting because it does not appear to be a single-purpose backdoor.

Instead, the framework is organized around different build profiles that share a common architecture.

The lightweight version concentrates on establishing access and preparing the victim’s machine for additional compromise.

Its capabilities include host profiling, encrypted command-and-control communication, remote shell access, payload downloading, payload execution, and shellcode injection.

The extended version takes the operation much further.

The Extended Implant Becomes a Spy Platform

The more capable GoCaracal build includes features that can transform an infected system into a comprehensive intelligence-collection platform.

Researchers observed functionality for:

File management

Browser credential theft

Browser cookie theft

Keylogging

Targeted file searches

WebRTC-based remote desktop access

Hidden browser sessions

SOCKS5 proxy functionality

Persistence

Remote command execution

This division between lightweight access and extended surveillance is strategically useful.

The attackers do not necessarily need to deploy the largest and most feature-rich implant immediately.

Instead, they can establish access with a smaller payload and introduce additional functionality only when the target proves valuable.

249 Samples Reveal an Evolutionary Development Cycle

Arctic Wolf analyzed 249 related GoCaracal samples collected between January and July 2026.

The sample set provides a rare look at the malware’s development.

Researchers observed an apparent progression from a relatively focused access implant toward a more modular framework capable of extensive post-compromise activity.

The development eventually incorporated an Ethereum-based C2 fallback.

That progression suggests the malware is being actively maintained rather than being an abandoned experiment.

Ethereum Becomes the Backup Plan

The most unusual component of GoCaracal is its ability to use an Ethereum smart contract as a fallback source for command-and-control information.

The malware configuration can contain conventional C2 information such as a host and port.

Under normal circumstances, the implant attempts to communicate with its primary server.

If those attempts repeatedly fail, the extended variant can contact a public Ethereum JSON-RPC endpoint and retrieve information stored in a smart contract.

The returned value can provide a replacement C2 address.

The malware then updates the C2 information held in memory and attempts communication again.

Why Blockchain Matters to Attackers

This does not mean Ethereum is being used as the malware’s complete command channel.

Instead, the blockchain acts more like a resilient configuration distribution mechanism.

That distinction is crucial.

The attacker can potentially change the C2 address through the smart contract without rebuilding and redistributing the malware.

For defenders, this introduces another layer of infrastructure that must be monitored.

Blocking one traditional C2 server may therefore become less effective if compromised machines can discover a replacement address from an external blockchain source.

BulletproofC2 Shows the Idea Was Tested

Arctic Wolf identified a custom Solidity smart contract called BulletproofC2.

The contract stores a changeable C2 address, and its owner has the ability to update the value.

Blockchain transaction records reportedly show that the address was changed to a public IP address.

That evidence is significant because it suggests the functionality was not simply left inside the malware as unfinished or experimental code.

The infrastructure appears to have been tested and eventually operationalized.

Sepolia Testnet Offers a Glimpse Into Development

The same wallet was also used to deploy similar contracts on Ethereum’s Sepolia testnet.

Some contracts contained both public and private IP addresses.

That pattern suggests a development process in which the attackers tested the mechanism before moving portions of the infrastructure toward operational use.

From a

Bandook Is Still Part of the Arsenal

The arrival of GoCaracal does not mean Bandook has disappeared.

Instead, the two malware families appear to be operating alongside each other.

Bandook remains an established component of Dark

Arctic

The more likely explanation is that Dark Caracal is expanding its toolkit.

Bandook Gets an Anti-Analysis Upgrade

The June 2026 Bandook sample also contains notable changes designed to make analysis and detection more difficult.

Older sequential command identifiers such as @0001 through @0136 were replaced with randomized strings.

Plugin export names were also changed to generic labels.

The

This is a classic example of attackers modifying the appearance of malware without necessarily rebuilding its fundamental capabilities.

Infrastructure Is Becoming More Compartmentalized

The infrastructure behind the campaign provides another important clue.

Arctic Wolf extracted 24 unique C2 addresses from GoCaracal samples.

According to the research, 23 were hosted on networks operated by AEZA Group.

Bandook infrastructure, meanwhile, was associated with AlexHost, a provider previously connected with Dark Caracal activity.

The separation could make the operation more resilient.

If one infrastructure cluster is discovered and disrupted, another malware family may remain operational through a different hosting ecosystem.

Latin America Is Becoming Increasingly Important

The Venezuelan intrusion does not appear to exist in isolation.

Arctic Wolf identified related artifacts and infrastructure associated with Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, and Uruguay.

The researchers assess broader regional activity with moderate confidence while continuing to map the campaign.

That suggests Dark Caracal may be maintaining a wider Latin American intelligence-gathering operation than the single Venezuelan intrusion initially indicates.

The Bigger Picture: Evolution Rather Than Reinvention

The most important conclusion from the investigation is that Dark Caracal is not abandoning its traditional operating model.

The group is refining it.

Phishing remains useful.

Financial and document themes remain effective.

Bandook remains relevant.

But those familiar elements are now being combined with a newer Go-based framework, modular malware profiles, infrastructure compartmentalization, and blockchain-assisted C2 recovery.

That combination makes the campaign more difficult to understand and potentially more difficult to disrupt.

What Undercode Say:

Dark Caracal Is Learning From Its Own History

The most interesting aspect of this campaign is not the discovery of another backdoor.

It is the way multiple generations of Dark Caracal tooling are being combined.

The group is not throwing away everything that worked before.

Instead, it is adding new components around proven techniques.

Phishing Still Works

Attackers continue to rely on phishing because human behavior remains one of the hardest security problems to eliminate.

A sophisticated malware framework can still begin with an ordinary-looking tax or financial document.

Security teams therefore cannot focus exclusively on advanced exploitation.

The initial delivery mechanism deserves the same attention as the malware itself.

SVG Abuse Deserves More Attention

SVG files are often treated differently from conventional executable attachments.

That makes them attractive to attackers.

An SVG is capable of containing active content and can participate in browser-based redirection techniques.

Organizations should therefore avoid treating uncommon attachment formats as automatically safe.

Shortened URLs Add Another Layer

URL shorteners can obscure the final destination.

They also complicate automated analysis because the visible URL may not represent the infrastructure actually serving the malicious content.

Organizations should inspect redirect chains rather than relying exclusively on domain reputation.

Go Gives Attackers Another Advantage

Go is increasingly popular among malware developers because it can produce portable binaries capable of operating across different environments.

The language itself is not malicious, of course.

The problem is that defenders must handle another development ecosystem while attackers benefit from increasingly modular tooling.

Modular Malware Changes the Economics

A lightweight implant can reduce the initial footprint.

The attacker can then decide whether the target deserves additional capabilities.

That creates an economical attack model.

Low-value systems may receive minimal functionality.

High-value systems can receive the extended framework.

The Blockchain Technique Is More Important Than It Looks

The Ethereum fallback is arguably the most strategically interesting part of GoCaracal.

Attackers do not need to maintain a single static C2 endpoint.

They can potentially modify the blockchain-based configuration and redirect infected systems toward a new server.

This creates a separation between malware deployment and infrastructure management.

It Does Not Make the Malware Invisible

Blockchain-based C2 recovery is clever, but it is not magic.

The malware still needs to communicate with an external RPC endpoint.

It also needs to interpret the retrieved data correctly.

That creates potential detection opportunities.

Defenders Can Hunt for the Behavior

Security teams should look for unusual processes accessing public Ethereum JSON-RPC services.

The combination of an unexpected Go binary, blockchain RPC traffic, and suspicious C2 behavior could be particularly valuable as a detection signal.

Behavioral correlation is more likely to survive malware renaming than simple file signatures.

Infrastructure Correlation Matters

The separation between GoCaracal and Bandook infrastructure is another important clue.

Different malware families using different providers does not necessarily mean they belong to unrelated campaigns.

Infrastructure reuse, wallet activity, domains, certificates, redirectors, and malware development patterns can connect apparently separate operations.

Anti-Analysis Is Becoming Routine

Randomized command identifiers and generic exports show how attackers are responding to mature detection systems.

Signature-based detection is still useful.

But it should not be the only defensive layer.

Organizations increasingly need behavioral detections capable of identifying what malware does rather than what its functions are called.

Remote Desktop Capabilities Raise the Stakes

WebRTC-based remote desktop functionality gives operators an unusually interactive capability.

Once deployed, the attacker may not need to rely exclusively on automated commands.

Interactive access can potentially make surveillance and lateral movement more flexible.

Browser Theft Is Especially Valuable

Browser credentials and session cookies can provide attackers with access to cloud services without necessarily requiring traditional password theft.

That makes browser protection increasingly important for enterprise security.

Cookies Should Be Treated as Security Assets

A stolen authenticated session can sometimes be as valuable as a stolen password.

Organizations should therefore monitor abnormal authentication patterns and strengthen session controls wherever possible.

Keylogging Adds Another Collection Layer

Keylogging remains an old technique, but it is still useful.

When combined with browser theft, file searches, screenshots or remote desktop functionality, it can provide attackers with a much broader picture of a victim’s activity.

SOCKS5 Can Hide the Next Stage

A proxy capability can allow attackers to route traffic through an infected host.

This can complicate investigations because subsequent activity may appear to originate from an internal system rather than directly from the adversary.

Persistence Makes Cleanup Harder

Finding the initial implant is only part of the job.

Security teams must determine whether persistence mechanisms were established and whether additional payloads were downloaded.

Removing the first detected executable without investigating follow-on activity can leave an attacker behind.

Bandook’s Continued Presence Matters

The continued use of Bandook demonstrates that attackers do not need to replace older malware simply because newer malware exists.

If a tool remains operationally effective, it can stay in the arsenal.

GoCaracal therefore should be viewed as an expansion rather than proof of Bandook’s immediate retirement.

The 249 Samples Are a Major Clue

A large sample set gives researchers the ability to observe development over time.

The evolution from access-focused tooling to extensive post-compromise functionality suggests deliberate investment.

This looks more like a growing malware platform than a one-off experiment.

Latin America Deserves Increased Attention

The concentration of related infrastructure across several Latin American countries should encourage organizations in the region to reassess espionage risk.

Communications organizations are particularly attractive because they can provide valuable intelligence about individuals, businesses, and government activity.

Compartmentalization Is Smart for Attackers

Using different providers for different malware families can reduce operational exposure.

It also makes takedown efforts more complicated.

Defenders should therefore avoid assuming that disabling one IP range has eliminated the campaign.

Blockchain Creates a New Intelligence Source

The public nature of blockchain transactions can become a defensive advantage.

Attackers may gain resilience, but they also leave records.

Wallet addresses, contract deployments, transactions, and configuration changes can become useful intelligence indicators.

Threat Intelligence Is Becoming More Cross-Domain

Traditional malware analysis alone is no longer enough.

Security researchers may need to correlate endpoint artifacts with DNS, hosting providers, URL shorteners, blockchain transactions, and cloud infrastructure.

The more connected the attack becomes, the more connected the investigation needs to be.

Detection Should Follow the Attack Chain

Security teams should build detections around the entire sequence.

Phishing email.

Malicious SVG.

Redirector.

Archive.

Go implant.

C2 communication.

Payload delivery.

Credential theft.

Persistence.

Remote access.

Each stage provides another opportunity to stop the operation.

Email Security Should Block the First Step

Financial and tax-themed phishing deserves heightened scrutiny.

Organizations should inspect uncommon attachments, suspicious redirect behavior, and newly registered domains before the user ever interacts with the payload.

Network Monitoring Still Matters

Even when endpoint malware changes, network behavior can expose it.

Encrypted C2 traffic, suspicious RPC connections, unusual outbound connections, and unexpected proxy activity can reveal compromise.

Endpoint Detection Needs Context

A Go executable alone is not evidence of compromise.

A Go executable launched from an archive downloaded after a suspicious SVG redirect is a very different situation.

Security products should correlate these events rather than evaluating them independently.

The Attackers Are Not Standing Still

The biggest lesson from GoCaracal is that defenders should expect continuous adaptation.

Once a detection technique becomes widespread, attackers modify names, infrastructure, delivery mechanisms, or communication channels.

Security is therefore an ongoing contest rather than a one-time deployment.

Dark

There is no evidence here of a completely transformed threat actor.

Instead, the group appears to be making incremental improvements.

Those improvements may be individually modest.

Together, however, they produce a considerably more flexible operation.

The C2 Fallback Could Become More Common

The idea of storing infrastructure information in a decentralized or publicly accessible system is not limited to Ethereum.

Other legitimate public services could potentially be abused in similar ways.

Defenders should therefore focus on anomalous behavior rather than blocklisting one particular blockchain.

Security Teams Should Prepare for Infrastructure Rotation

A compromised server should never be considered the end of an investigation.

If malware contains a mechanism for discovering alternative C2 infrastructure, defenders need to determine how that mechanism works and identify the source of its configuration.

Attribution Remains Probabilistic

Arctic Wolf assigned medium confidence to the Dark Caracal attribution.

That wording matters.

Cybersecurity attribution is rarely equivalent to courtroom certainty.

Infrastructure reuse, malware similarities, operational patterns, and targeting can provide strong evidence without proving every aspect of an operation.

The Campaign Demonstrates Operational Maturity

The combination of multiple malware profiles, infrastructure separation, anti-analysis changes, and C2 recovery mechanisms suggests meaningful operational planning.

This is not simply malware development.

It is infrastructure engineering around malware.

The Most Dangerous Part May Be the Combination

None of these techniques is entirely revolutionary on its own.

Phishing is old.

Go malware is common.

Credential theft is common.

C2 rotation is common.

Blockchain abuse is increasingly familiar.

The danger comes from combining them into one adaptable ecosystem.

Defenders Need the Same Flexibility

Organizations cannot rely on a single indicator.

They need layered controls covering email, browsers, endpoints, identity, network traffic, DNS, cloud services, and threat intelligence.

The more adaptable the attacker becomes, the more important defense-in-depth becomes.

Dark Caracal Has Not Gone Away

The campaign provides another reminder that established espionage groups can quietly evolve between major public incidents.

A period without headlines should never be interpreted as disappearance.

It may simply mean the operation is harder to see.

GoCaracal Could Become the More Important Family

If development continues at the pace observed by Arctic Wolf, GoCaracal could eventually become a central component of Dark Caracal’s toolkit.

Its modular architecture makes future expansion easier.

Bandook Still Has a Role

At the same time, Bandook remains useful.

The simultaneous deployment of old and new tooling provides redundancy.

That is exactly what mature threat actors want.

The Defensive Lesson Is Clear

Organizations should assume that malware families will change faster than static indicators.

The best defense is therefore to identify suspicious behavior across the complete attack chain.

That is where

The more things the malware does, the more behavioral signals defenders potentially have to detect it.

✅ Dark Caracal Attribution Is Supported, But Not Absolute

Arctic Wolf Labs assessed the June 2026 Venezuelan intrusion as linked to Dark Caracal with medium confidence, based on multiple technical and operational similarities. This is a credible attribution assessment, but it should not be interpreted as absolute proof.

✅ GoCaracal Is a Newly Documented Framework

The investigation describes previously undocumented Go-based malware using separate lightweight and extended build profiles. The analysis of 249 samples also supports the conclusion that the framework has undergone active development.

✅ Ethereum Is Used as a C2 Fallback

The reported Ethereum capability is more specific than simply saying the malware “uses blockchain.” GoCaracal can reportedly retrieve replacement C2 information from an Ethereum smart contract after primary C2 communication fails.

❌ Ethereum Is Not the Entire Command Channel

It would be misleading to describe GoCaracal as communicating entirely through Ethereum. The blockchain component functions as a fallback source for C2 information rather than replacing conventional C2 communication altogether.

✅ Bandook Has Not Been Fully Replaced

Current evidence indicates that Bandook and GoCaracal operate in parallel. The available findings support an expanding toolkit rather than a confirmed complete transition from Bandook to GoCaracal.

Deep Analysis

Examine Suspicious Go Binaries

Security teams investigating a suspected infection can begin by identifying recently created or downloaded executables and checking whether unexpected Go binaries are present.

find /tmp /var/tmp -type f -perm -111 -printf '%TY-%Tm-%Td %TH:%TM %p
' 2>/dev/null

Search for Suspicious Network Connections

Unexpected outbound connections from unusual processes can provide an early indicator of compromise.

ss -tupn

For more persistent monitoring:

sudo lsof -i -n -P

Inspect DNS Resolution

Investigators should examine recent DNS activity for suspicious domains, redirectors, and newly observed infrastructure.

On systems using systemd-resolved:

resolvectl statistics

Where available, defenders should supplement endpoint inspection with DNS telemetry from their network monitoring infrastructure.

Search for Recently Downloaded Archives

Because the reported campaign uses an archive as part of the delivery chain, defenders can look for recently created .7z files.

find /home /tmp /var/tmp -type f -iname ".7z" -mtime -14 2>/dev/null

Look for Suspicious SVG Files

Organizations should investigate unexpected SVG attachments or files arriving shortly before the execution of an unfamiliar process.

find /home /tmp /var/tmp -type f -iname ".svg" -mtime -14 2>/dev/null

Check Running Processes

Anomalous processes launched from temporary directories or user download locations deserve additional investigation.

ps auxww --sort=-%cpu | head -40

Review Persistence Locations

Investigators should examine common Linux persistence locations when analyzing a suspected compromise.

systemctl list-unit-files --state=enabled

And:

crontab -l

For system-wide scheduled tasks:

sudo ls -la /etc/cron.d /etc/cron.daily /etc/cron.hourly /etc/cron.weekly /etc/cron.monthly

Hunt for Unexpected Proxy Behavior

Because the extended GoCaracal build reportedly supports SOCKS5 proxy functionality, unusual local listening ports and unexpected proxy processes should be investigated.

ss -lntup

Examine Outbound Ethereum RPC Traffic

A particularly valuable detection opportunity is unexpected communication from non-blockchain applications to public Ethereum JSON-RPC infrastructure.

Organizations should alert when an unknown executable initiates RPC traffic to blockchain infrastructure, especially when that executable also exhibits C2-like behavior.

Correlate Endpoint and Network Events

A strong detection should connect multiple events rather than trigger on one indicator.

For example:

Phishing attachment

SVG execution/opening

URL redirect

Archive download

Unknown executable

Outbound C2 connection

Payload retrieval

Credential/browser access

That chain is substantially more meaningful than any single event.

Preserve Evidence Before Removing Malware

Incident responders should capture process information, network connections, DNS records, timestamps, files, persistence mechanisms, and relevant logs before deleting suspicious artifacts.

Premature cleanup can destroy valuable evidence about how the intrusion occurred.

Investigate Secondary Payloads

Finding GoCaracal does not necessarily mean the investigation is complete.

The lightweight implant may have been responsible for delivering additional malware, including Bandook.

Every downloaded executable and suspicious child process should therefore be investigated.

Build Detection Around Behavior

Static hashes will eventually become outdated.

Behavioral detections based on suspicious archive execution, unusual browser interaction, credential access, unexpected C2 traffic, persistence, and abnormal RPC connections are more resilient against minor malware modifications.

Prediction

(+1) GoCaracal Will Likely Continue Expanding

The development trajectory identified across 249 samples strongly suggests continued investment. Future versions could add additional collection modules, stronger persistence, or alternative mechanisms for recovering C2 infrastructure.

(+1) Blockchain-Based C2 Recovery Could Become More Common

The Ethereum fallback demonstrates an interesting operational concept: use a public, externally accessible system to distribute changing infrastructure information. Other threat actors may adopt similar mechanisms as defenders become better at blocking traditional C2 servers.

(+1) Dark Caracal Will Likely Maintain Multiple Malware Families

Rather than immediately abandoning Bandook, the group appears to benefit from maintaining several tools simultaneously. Keeping older and newer malware in parallel provides operational redundancy.

(+1) Latin America Could Remain a Major Targeting Region

The Venezuela intrusion and related infrastructure across several Latin American countries suggest that regional targeting deserves continued monitoring. Communications and government-adjacent organizations are likely to remain attractive intelligence targets.

(-1) Traditional Signature-Based Detection Will Become Less Reliable

Randomized command identifiers, renamed exports, modular builds, and infrastructure changes can undermine older signatures. Organizations relying heavily on static indicators risk missing modified versions of the same malware.

(+1) Blockchain Activity May Give Researchers New Attribution Clues

Although blockchain infrastructure can help attackers maintain resilient C2 recovery, transactions are publicly observable. Wallets, smart contracts, transaction histories, and configuration changes can become valuable threat-intelligence artifacts.

(+1) Behavioral Detection Will Become the Key Defensive Advantage

The more GoCaracal evolves, the less useful individual filenames or hashes become. Detection based on the sequence of phishing, execution, persistence, network communication, credential access, and C2 behavior should remain much harder for attackers to completely disguise.

Final Assessment: An Old Threat With a New Edge

Dark Caracal’s latest activity is important because it demonstrates how an established espionage operation can modernize without abandoning the techniques that made it successful.

The group is still exploiting familiar human weaknesses.

It is still using phishing.

It is still relying on established malware such as Bandook.

But around those older methods, a more flexible architecture is emerging.

GoCaracal gives Dark Caracal a lightweight access mechanism, a powerful extended implant, modular capabilities, infrastructure flexibility, and a novel Ethereum-based C2 recovery mechanism.

That does not make the group unstoppable.

It does, however, make the campaign a strong example of where modern cyberespionage is heading: less dependence on a single malware family, less dependence on a single server, and greater emphasis on modular infrastructure that can adapt when defenders begin closing the doors.

For defenders, the lesson is equally clear. Blocking one domain, one IP address, or one malware hash may stop one stage of an operation, but it does not necessarily stop the operator behind it.

The real objective must be to detect the behavior, understand the complete attack chain, uncover the persistence mechanisms, and identify every secondary payload.

Dark Caracal may be using newer technology, but its most dangerous advantage remains something much older: the ability to patiently combine familiar techniques into an operation that is constantly evolving.

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